<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs">
<head>
<title>History of C++ - cppreference.com</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.21.2">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../common/favicon.ico">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../common/ext.css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../common/site_modules.css">
<style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(ckb),a:lang(fa),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none}#toc{display:none}.editsection{display:none}
/* cache key: mwiki1-mwiki_en_:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:472787eddcf4605d11de8c7ef047234f */</style>

<script src="../../../common/startup_scripts.js"></script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"cpp/language/history","wgTitle":"cpp/language/history","wgCurRevisionId":140471,"wgArticleId":4470,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"cpp/language/history","wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[]});
}</script><script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.implement("user.options",function(){mw.user.options.set({"ccmeonemails":0,"cols":80,"date":"default","diffonly":0,"disablemail":0,"disablesuggest":0,"editfont":"default","editondblclick":0,"editsection":0,"editsectiononrightclick":0,"enotifminoredits":0,"enotifrevealaddr":0,"enotifusertalkpages":1,"enotifwatchlistpages":0,"extendwatchlist":0,"externaldiff":0,"externaleditor":0,"fancysig":0,"forceeditsummary":0,"gender":"unknown","hideminor":0,"hidepatrolled":0,"imagesize":2,"justify":0,"math":1,"minordefault":0,"newpageshidepatrolled":0,"nocache":0,"noconvertlink":0,"norollbackdiff":0,"numberheadings":0,"previewonfirst":0,"previewontop":1,"quickbar":5,"rcdays":7,"rclimit":50,"rememberpassword":0,"rows":25,"searchlimit":20,"showhiddencats":0,"showjumplinks":1,"shownumberswatching":1,"showtoc":0,"showtoolbar":1,"skin":"cppreference2","stubthreshold":0,"thumbsize":2,"underline":2,"uselivepreview":0,"usenewrc":0,"watchcreations":0,"watchdefault":0,"watchdeletion":0,
"watchlistdays":3,"watchlisthideanons":0,"watchlisthidebots":0,"watchlisthideliu":0,"watchlisthideminor":0,"watchlisthideown":0,"watchlisthidepatrolled":0,"watchmoves":0,"wllimit":250,"variant":"en","language":"en","searchNs0":true,"searchNs1":false,"searchNs2":false,"searchNs3":false,"searchNs4":false,"searchNs5":false,"searchNs6":false,"searchNs7":false,"searchNs8":false,"searchNs9":false,"searchNs10":false,"searchNs11":false,"searchNs12":false,"searchNs13":false,"searchNs14":false,"searchNs15":false,"gadget-ColiruCompiler":1,"gadget-MathJax":1});;},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function(){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":false,"watchToken":false});;},{},{});
/* cache key: mwiki1-mwiki_en_:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:9f05c6caceb9bb1a482b6cebd4c5a330 */
}</script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax"]);
}</script>
<style type="text/css">/*<![CDATA[*/
.source-cpp {line-height: normal;}
.source-cpp li, .source-cpp pre {
	line-height: normal; border: 0px none white;
}
/**
 * GeSHi Dynamically Generated Stylesheet
 * --------------------------------------
 * Dynamically generated stylesheet for cpp
 * CSS class: source-cpp, CSS id: 
 * GeSHi (C) 2004 - 2007 Nigel McNie, 2007 - 2008 Benny Baumann
 * (http://qbnz.com/highlighter/ and http://geshi.org/)
 * --------------------------------------
 */
.cpp.source-cpp .de1, .cpp.source-cpp .de2 {font: normal normal 1em/1.2em monospace; margin:0; padding:0; background:none; vertical-align:top;}
.cpp.source-cpp  {font-family:monospace;}
.cpp.source-cpp .imp {font-weight: bold; color: red;}
.cpp.source-cpp li, .cpp.source-cpp .li1 {font-weight: normal; vertical-align:top;}
.cpp.source-cpp .ln {width:1px;text-align:right;margin:0;padding:0 2px;vertical-align:top;}
.cpp.source-cpp .li2 {font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top;}
.cpp.source-cpp .kw1 {color: #0000dd;}
.cpp.source-cpp .kw2 {color: #0000ff;}
.cpp.source-cpp .kw3 {color: #0000dd;}
.cpp.source-cpp .kw4 {color: #0000ff;}
.cpp.source-cpp .co1 {color: #909090;}
.cpp.source-cpp .co2 {color: #339900;}
.cpp.source-cpp .coMULTI {color: #ff0000; font-style: italic;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es0 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es1 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es2 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es3 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es4 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .es5 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.cpp.source-cpp .br0 {color: #008000;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy0 {color: #008000;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy1 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy2 {color: #000040;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy3 {color: #000040;}
.cpp.source-cpp .sy4 {color: #008080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .st0 {color: #008000;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu0 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu6 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu8 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu12 {color: #000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu16 {color:#000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu17 {color:#000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu18 {color:#000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .nu19 {color:#000080;}
.cpp.source-cpp .ln-xtra, .cpp.source-cpp li.ln-xtra, .cpp.source-cpp div.ln-xtra {background-color: #ffc;}
.cpp.source-cpp span.xtra { display:block; }

/*]]>*/
</style><!--[if lt IE 7]><style type="text/css">body{behavior:url("/mwiki/skins/cppreference2/csshover.min.htc")}</style><![endif]--></head>
<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-cpp_language_history skin-cppreference2 action-view cpp-navbar">
        <!-- header -->
        <!-- /header -->
        <!-- content -->
<div id="cpp-content-base">
            <div id="content">
                <a id="top"></a>
                <div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>
                                <!-- firstHeading -->
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">History of C++</h1>
                <!-- /firstHeading -->
                <!-- bodyContent -->
                <div id="bodyContent">
                                        <!-- tagline -->
                    <div id="siteSub">From cppreference.com</div>
                    <!-- /tagline -->
                                        <!-- subtitle -->
                    <div id="contentSub"><span class="subpages">&lt; <a href="../../cpp.html" title="cpp">cpp</a>‎ | <a href="../language.html" title="cpp/language">language</a></span></div>
                    <!-- /subtitle -->
                                                            <!-- bodycontent -->
                    <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="t-navbar" style=""><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="../../cpp.html" title="cpp"> C++</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:1.1em;">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../compiler_support.html" title="cpp/compiler support"> Compiler support</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../freestanding.html" title="cpp/freestanding"> Freestanding and hosted</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language.html" title="cpp/language"> Language</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../header.html" title="cpp/header"> Standard library headers</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../named_req.html" title="cpp/named req"> Named requirements </a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../feature_test.html" title="cpp/feature test"> Feature test macros </a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../utility.html#Language_support" title="cpp/utility"> Language support library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../concepts.html" title="cpp/concepts"> Concepts library</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../meta.html" title="cpp/meta"> Metaprogramming library</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../error.html" title="cpp/error"> Diagnostics library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../utility.html" title="cpp/utility"> General utilities library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../string.html" title="cpp/string"> Strings library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../container.html" title="cpp/container"> Containers library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../iterator.html" title="cpp/iterator"> Iterators library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../ranges.html" title="cpp/ranges"> Ranges library</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../algorithm.html" title="cpp/algorithm"> Algorithms library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../numeric.html" title="cpp/numeric"> Numerics library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../locale.html" title="cpp/locale"> Localizations library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../io.html" title="cpp/io"> Input/output library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../filesystem.html" title="cpp/filesystem"> Filesystem library</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../regex.html" title="cpp/regex"> Regular expressions library</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../thread.html" title="cpp/thread"> Concurrency support library</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../experimental.html" title="cpp/experimental"> Technical specifications</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../symbol_index.html" title="cpp/symbol index"> Symbols index</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../links/libs.html" title="cpp/links/libs"> External libraries</a> </td></tr>
</table></div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="../language.html" title="cpp/language"> C++ language</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div style="display:inline-block">
<div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> General topics</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../preprocessor.html" title="cpp/preprocessor"> Preprocessor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../comments.html" title="cpp/comment"> Comments</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../keywords.html" title="cpp/keyword"> Keywords</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="escape.html" title="cpp/language/escape"> Escape sequences</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> <a href="statements.html" title="cpp/language/statements"> Flow control</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Conditional execution statements</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="if.html" title="cpp/language/if"><tt>if</tt></a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="switch.html" title="cpp/language/switch"><tt>switch</tt></a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Iteration statements (loops)</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="for.html" title="cpp/language/for"><tt>for</tt></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="range-for.html" title="cpp/language/range-for"> range-<code>for</code></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="while.html" title="cpp/language/while"><tt>while</tt></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="do.html" title="cpp/language/do"> <code>do-while</code></a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Jump statements </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="continue.html" title="cpp/language/continue"><tt>continue</tt></a> - <a href="break.html" title="cpp/language/break"><tt>break</tt></a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="goto.html" title="cpp/language/goto"><tt>goto</tt></a> - <a href="return.html" title="cpp/language/return"><tt>return</tt></a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> <a href="functions.html" title="cpp/language/functions"> Functions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function"> Function declaration</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="lambda.html" title="cpp/language/lambda"> Lambda function expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="inline.html" title="cpp/language/inline"> <code>inline</code> specifier</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="except_spec.html" title="cpp/language/except spec"> Dynamic exception specifications</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx20">(until C++20)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="noexcept_spec.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept spec"> <code>noexcept</code> specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Exceptions</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="throw.html" title="cpp/language/throw"> <code>throw</code>-expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="try_catch.html" title="cpp/language/try catch"> <code>try</code>-<code>catch</code> block</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Namespaces</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="namespace.html" title="cpp/language/namespace"> Namespace declaration</a>  </td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="namespace_alias.html" title="cpp/language/namespace alias"> Namespace aliases</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Types</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="types.html" title="cpp/language/types"> Fundamental types</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="enum_class.html" title="cpp/language/enum"> Enumeration types</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function"> Function types</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class.html" title="cpp/language/class"> Class/struct types</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="union.html" title="cpp/language/union"> Union types</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Specifiers</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="decltype.html" title="cpp/language/decltype"><tt>decltype</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="auto.html" title="cpp/language/auto"><tt>auto</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="alignas.html" title="cpp/language/alignas"><tt>alignas</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv"> <code>const</code>/<code>volatile</code></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="constexpr.html" title="cpp/language/constexpr"><tt>constexpr</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration"> Storage duration specifiers</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initialization.html" title="cpp/language/initialization"> Initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="default_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/default initialization"> Default initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="value_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/value initialization"> Value initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="zero_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/zero initialization"> Zero initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="copy_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/copy initialization"> Copy initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="direct_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/direct initialization"> Direct initialization</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="aggregate_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/aggregate initialization"> Aggregate initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="list_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/list initialization"> List initialization</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="constant_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/constant initialization"> Constant initialization</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reference_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/reference initialization"> Reference initialization</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
<div style="display:inline-block">
<div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> <a href="expressions.html" title="cpp/language/expressions"> Expressions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="value_category.html" title="cpp/language/value category"> Value categories</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="eval_order.html" title="cpp/language/eval order"> Order of evaluation</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators"> Operators</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_precedence.html" title="cpp/language/operator precedence"> Operator precedence</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative"> Alternative representations</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> <a href="expressions.html#Literals" title="cpp/language/expressions"> Literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="bool_literal.html" title="cpp/language/bool literal"> Boolean</a> - <a href="integer_literal.html" title="cpp/language/integer literal"> Integer</a> - <a href="floating_literal.html" title="cpp/language/floating literal"> Floating-point</a></td></tr>   
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="character_literal.html" title="cpp/language/character literal"> Character</a> - <a href="string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal"> String</a> - <a href="nullptr.html" title="cpp/language/nullptr"><tt>nullptr</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr> 
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="user_literal.html" title="cpp/language/user literal"> User-defined</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Utilities</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="attributes.html" title="cpp/language/attributes"> Attributes</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Types</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="typedef.html" title="cpp/language/typedef"> <code>typedef</code> declaration</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="type_alias.html" title="cpp/language/type alias"> Type alias declaration</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Casts</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit conversion"> Implicit conversions</a> - <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast"> Explicit conversions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast"><tt>static_cast</tt></a> - <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"><tt>dynamic_cast</tt></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><tt>const_cast</tt></a> - <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"><tt>reinterpret_cast</tt></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Memory allocation</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new"> <code>new</code> expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete"> <code>delete</code> expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> <a href="classes.html" title="cpp/language/classes"> Classes</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class.html" title="cpp/language/class"> Class declaration</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/constructor"> Constructors</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="this.html" title="cpp/language/this"> <code>this</code> pointer</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="access.html" title="cpp/language/access"> Access specifiers</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="friend.html" title="cpp/language/friend"> <code>friend</code> specifier</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Class-specific function properties</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="virtual.html" title="cpp/language/virtual"> Virtual function</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="override.html" title="cpp/language/override"> <code>override</code> specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="final.html" title="cpp/language/final"> <code>final</code> specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit.html" title="cpp/language/explicit"><tt>explicit</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static.html" title="cpp/language/static"><tt>static</tt></a> </td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Special member functions</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="default_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/default constructor"> Default constructor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="copy_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/copy constructor"> Copy constructor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="move_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/move constructor"> Move constructor</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="as_operator.html" title="cpp/language/as operator" class="mw-redirect"> Copy assignment</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="move_operator.html" title="cpp/language/move operator" class="mw-redirect"> Move assignment</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor"> Destructor</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"><a href="templates.html" title="cpp/language/templates"> Templates</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class_template.html" title="cpp/language/class template"> Class template </a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="function_template.html" title="cpp/language/function template"> Function template </a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="template_specialization.html" title="cpp/language/template specialization"> Template specialization</a></td></tr>   
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack"> Parameter packs</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Miscellaneous </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="asm.html" title="cpp/language/asm"> Inline assembly</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink"> History of C++</strong></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_C.2B.2B">Early C++</span></h2>
<ul><li> 1979: C with Classes first implemented
</li></ul>
<ol><li> New features: <a href="classes.html" title="cpp/language/classes">classes</a>, <a href="member_functions.html" title="cpp/language/member functions">member functions</a>, <a href="derived_class.html" title="cpp/language/derived class">derived classes</a>, separate compilation, <a href="access.html" title="cpp/language/access">public and private access control</a>, <a href="friend.html" title="cpp/language/friend">friends</a>, type checking of function arguments, <a href="default_arguments.html" title="cpp/language/default arguments">default arguments</a>, <a href="inline.html" title="cpp/language/inline">inline functions</a>, <a href="as_operator.html" title="cpp/language/copy assignment">overloaded assignment operator</a>, <a href="initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/constructor">constructors</a>, <a href="destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor">destructors</a>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> same as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, call-function and return-function (synchronization features, not in C++)
</li><li> Libraries: the concurrent task library (not in C++)
</li></ol>
<ul><li> 1982: C with Classes reference manual published
</li><li> 1984: C84 implemented, reference manual published
</li><li> 1985: Cfront 1.0
</li></ul>
<ol><li> New features: <a href="virtual.html" title="cpp/language/virtual">virtual functions</a>, function and <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">operator overloading</a>, <a href="reference.html" title="cpp/language/reference">references</a>, <a href="../memory/new/operator_new.html" title="cpp/memory/new/operator new"><tt>new</tt></a> and <a href="../memory/new/operator_delete.html" title="cpp/memory/new/operator delete"><tt>delete</tt></a> operators, <a href="cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv">the keyword <code>const</code></a>, scope resolution operator
</li><li> Library additions: <a href="../numeric/complex.html" title="cpp/numeric/complex">complex number</a>, <code>string</code> (AT&amp;T version), <a href="../header/iostream.html" title="cpp/header/iostream">I/O stream</a>
</li></ol>
<ul><li> 1985: The C++ Programming Language, 1st edition
</li><li> 1986: The "whatis?" paper documenting the remaining design goals, including multiple inheritance, exception handling, and templates.
</li><li> 1987: C++ support in GCC 1.15.3
</li><li> 1989: Cfront 2.0
</li></ul>
<ol><li> New features: <a href="derived_class.html" title="cpp/language/derived class">multiple inheritance</a>, <a href="pointer.html" title="cpp/language/pointer">pointers to members</a>, <a href="access.html" title="cpp/language/access">protected access</a>, type-safe linkage, <a href="abstract_class.html" title="cpp/language/abstract class">abstract classes</a>, <a href="static.html#Static_member_functions" title="cpp/language/static">static</a> and <a href="member_functions.html#const-_and_volatile-qualified_member_functions" title="cpp/language/member functions">const-qualified</a> member functions, class-specific <a href="../memory/new/operator_new.html#Class-specific_overloads" title="cpp/memory/new/operator new"><tt>new</tt></a> and <a href="../memory/new/operator_delete.html#Class-specific_overloads" title="cpp/memory/new/operator delete"><tt>delete</tt></a>
</li><li> Library additions: <a href="../io/manip.html" title="cpp/io/manip">I/O manipulators</a>
</li></ol>
<ul><li> 1990: The Annotated C++ Reference Manual
</li></ul>
<p>This book described the language as designed, including some features that were not yet implemented. It served as the de-facto standard until the ISO.
</p>
<ol><li> New features: <a href="namespace.html" title="cpp/language/namespace">namespaces</a>, <a href="exceptions.html" title="cpp/language/exceptions">exception handling</a>, <a href="nested_classes.html" title="cpp/language/nested types">nested classes</a>, <a href="templates.html" title="cpp/language/templates">templates</a>
</li></ol>
<ul><li> 1991: Cfront 3.0
</li><li> 1991: The C++ Programming Language, 2nd edition
</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Standard_C.2B.2B">Standard C++</span></h2>
<ul><li> 1990: ANSI C++ Committee founded
</li><li> 1991: ISO C++ Committee founded
</li><li> 1992: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rrsd.com/software_development/stl/stl/">STL</a> implemented in C++
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="C.2B.2B98.2F03_period">C++98/03 period</span></h3>
<ul><li> 1998: <b>C++98</b> (ISO/IEC 14882:1998)
</li></ul>
<ol><li> New features: RTTI (<a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"><code>dynamic_cast</code></a>, <a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid"><code>typeid</code></a>), <a href="virtual.html#Covariant_return_types" title="cpp/language/virtual">covariant return types</a>, <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">cast operators</a>, <a href="cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv"><code>mutable</code></a>, <a href="types.html#Boolean_type" title="cpp/language/types"><code>bool</code></a>, declarations in conditions, <a href="templates.html" title="cpp/language/templates">template instantiations</a>, <a href="member_template.html" title="cpp/language/member template">member templates</a>, export
</li><li> Library additions: <a href="../locale.html" title="cpp/locale">locales</a>, <a href="../utility/bitset.html" title="cpp/utility/bitset"><tt>bitset</tt></a>, <a href="../numeric/valarray.html" title="cpp/numeric/valarray"><tt>valarray</tt></a>, <a href="../memory/auto_ptr.html" title="cpp/memory/auto ptr"><tt>auto_ptr</tt></a>, <a href="../string/basic_string.html" title="cpp/string/basic string">templatized string</a>, <a href="../io.html" title="cpp/io">I/O streams</a>, and <a href="../numeric/complex.html" title="cpp/numeric/complex">complex numbers</a>.
</li><li> Based on STL: <a href="../container.html" title="cpp/container">containers</a>, <a href="../algorithm.html" title="cpp/algorithm">algorithms</a>, <a href="../iterator.html" title="cpp/iterator">iterators</a>, <a href="../utility/functional.html" title="cpp/utility/functional">function objects</a>
</li></ol>
<ul><li> 1998: The C++ Programming Language, 3rd edition
</li><li> 1999: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boost.org">Boost</a> founded by the committee members to produce new high-quality candidate libraries for the standard.
</li><li> 2003: <b>C++03</b> (ISO/IEC 14882:2003)
</li></ul>
<p>This was a minor revision, intended to be little more than a technical corrigendum. This revision introduces the definition of <a href="value_initialization.html" title="cpp/language/value initialization">value initialization</a>.
</p>
<div style="margin-left:0px">
<table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;">

<tr>
<th style="background: #F0F2F5; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"> <span style="font-size:115%">Defect Reports fixed in C++03 (92 core, 125 library)</span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background: white;">
<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-6" style="-moz-column-count: 6; -webkit-column-count: 6; column-count: 6;">
<ul><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue1">CWG#1</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue20">CWG#20</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue21">CWG#21</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue22">CWG#22</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue24">CWG#24</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue25">CWG#25</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue30">CWG#30</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue32">CWG#32</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue33">CWG#33</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue35">CWG#35</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue38">CWG#38</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue40">CWG#40</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue41">CWG#41</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue43">CWG#43</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue48">CWG#48</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue49">CWG#49</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue51">CWG#51</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue52">CWG#52</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue53">CWG#53</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue56">CWG#56</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue59">CWG#59</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue64">CWG#64</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue65">CWG#65</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue67">CWG#67</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue68">CWG#68</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue69">CWG#69</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue73">CWG#73</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue74">CWG#74</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue75">CWG#75</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue76">CWG#76</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue80">CWG#80</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue83">CWG#83</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue84">CWG#84</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue85">CWG#85</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue89">CWG#89</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue90">CWG#90</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue93">CWG#93</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue94">CWG#94</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue98">CWG#98</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue100">CWG#100</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue101">CWG#101</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue103">CWG#103</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue105">CWG#105</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue108">CWG#108</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue116">CWG#116</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue120">CWG#120</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue121">CWG#121</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue123">CWG#123</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue126">CWG#126</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue127">CWG#127</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue128">CWG#128</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue131">CWG#131</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue134">CWG#134</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue135">CWG#135</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue137">CWG#137</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue142">CWG#142</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue145">CWG#145</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue147">CWG#147</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue148">CWG#148</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue149">CWG#149</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue151">CWG#151</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue152">CWG#152</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue153">CWG#153</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue159">CWG#159</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue161">CWG#161</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue163">CWG#163</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue164">CWG#164</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue166">CWG#166</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue171">CWG#171</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue173">CWG#173</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue176">CWG#176</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue178">CWG#178</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue179">CWG#179</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue181">CWG#181</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue183">CWG#183</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue185">CWG#185</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue187">CWG#187</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue188">CWG#188</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue190">CWG#190</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue193">CWG#193</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue194">CWG#194</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue202">CWG#202</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue206">CWG#206</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue210">CWG#210</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue213">CWG#213</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue217">CWG#217</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue227">CWG#227</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue235">CWG#235</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue241">CWG#241</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue249">CWG#249</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue250">CWG#250</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.cmeerw.net/cwg/issue304">CWG#304</a>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-6" style="-moz-column-count: 6; -webkit-column-count: 6; column-count: 6;">
<ul><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg1">LWG#1</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg3">LWG#3</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg5">LWG#5</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg7">LWG#7</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg8">LWG#8</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg9">LWG#9</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg11">LWG#11</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg13">LWG#13</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg14">LWG#14</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg15">LWG#15</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg16">LWG#16</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg17">LWG#17</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg18">LWG#18</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg19">LWG#19</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg20">LWG#20</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg21">LWG#21</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg22">LWG#22</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg24">LWG#24</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg25">LWG#25</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg26">LWG#26</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg27">LWG#27</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg28">LWG#28</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg29">LWG#29</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg30">LWG#30</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg31">LWG#31</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg32">LWG#32</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg33">LWG#33</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg34">LWG#34</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg35">LWG#35</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg36">LWG#36</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg37">LWG#37</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg38">LWG#38</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg39">LWG#39</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg40">LWG#40</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg41">LWG#41</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg42">LWG#42</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg46">LWG#46</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg47">LWG#47</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg48">LWG#48</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg50">LWG#50</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg51">LWG#51</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg52">LWG#52</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg53">LWG#53</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg54">LWG#54</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg55">LWG#55</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg56">LWG#56</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg57">LWG#57</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg59">LWG#59</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg60">LWG#60</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg61">LWG#61</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg62">LWG#62</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg63">LWG#63</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg64">LWG#64</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg66">LWG#66</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg68">LWG#68</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg69">LWG#69</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg70">LWG#70</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg71">LWG#71</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg74">LWG#74</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg75">LWG#75</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg78">LWG#78</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg79">LWG#79</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg80">LWG#80</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg83">LWG#83</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg86">LWG#86</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg90">LWG#90</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg106">LWG#106</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg108">LWG#108</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg110">LWG#110</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg112">LWG#112</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg114">LWG#114</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg115">LWG#115</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg119">LWG#119</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg122">LWG#122</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg124">LWG#124</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg125">LWG#125</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg126">LWG#126</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg127">LWG#127</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg129">LWG#129</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg132">LWG#132</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg133">LWG#133</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg134">LWG#134</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg137">LWG#137</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg139">LWG#139</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg141">LWG#141</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg142">LWG#142</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg144">LWG#144</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg146">LWG#146</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg147">LWG#147</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg148">LWG#148</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg150">LWG#150</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg151">LWG#151</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg152">LWG#152</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg154">LWG#154</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg155">LWG#155</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg156">LWG#156</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg158">LWG#158</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg159">LWG#159</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg160">LWG#160</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg161">LWG#161</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg164">LWG#164</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg168">LWG#168</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg169">LWG#169</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg170">LWG#170</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg172">LWG#172</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg173">LWG#173</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg174">LWG#174</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg175">LWG#175</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg176">LWG#176</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg181">LWG#181</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg189">LWG#189</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg193">LWG#193</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg195">LWG#195</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg199">LWG#199</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg208">LWG#208</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg209">LWG#209</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg210">LWG#210</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg211">LWG#211</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg212">LWG#212</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg217">LWG#217</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg220">LWG#220</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg222">LWG#222</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg223">LWG#223</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg224">LWG#224</a>
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wg21.link/lwg227">LWG#227</a>
</li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr></table></div>
<ul><li> 2006: Performance TR (ISO/IEC TR 18015:2006) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=43351">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/TR18015.pdf">2006 draft</a>) 
</li></ul>
<p>This TR discussed the costs of various C++ abstractions, provided implementation guidance, discussed use of C++ in embedded systems and introduced <code>&lt;hardware&gt;</code> interface to C's ISO/IEC TR 18037:2008 <code>&lt;iohw.h&gt;</code>.
</p>
<ul><li> 2007: Library extension TR1 (ISO/IEC TR 19768:2007)  (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=43289">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n1745">2005 draft</a>).
</li></ul>
<p>This TR is a C++ library extension, which adds the following to the C++ standard library:
</p>
<ol><li> From Boost: <a href="../utility/functional/reference_wrapper.html" title="cpp/utility/functional/reference wrapper"><tt>reference_wrapper</tt></a>, <a href="../memory.html#Smart_pointers" title="cpp/memory">Smart pointers</a>, <a href="../utility/functional/mem_fn.html" title="cpp/utility/functional/mem fn">Member function</a>, <a href="../types/result_of.html" title="cpp/types/result of"><tt>result_of</tt></a>, <a href="../utility/functional/bind.html" title="cpp/utility/functional/bind"><tt>bind</tt></a>, <a href="../utility/functional/function.html" title="cpp/utility/functional/function"><tt>function</tt></a>, <a href="../types.html" title="cpp/types">Type Traits</a>, <a href="../numeric/random.html" title="cpp/numeric/random">Random</a>, Mathematical Special Functions, <a href="../utility/tuple.html" title="cpp/utility/tuple"><tt>tuple</tt></a>, <a href="../container/array.html" title="cpp/container/array"><tt>array</tt></a>, <a href="../container.html#Unordered_associative_containers" title="cpp/container">Unordered Containers</a> (including <a href="../utility/hash.html" title="cpp/utility/hash"><tt>hash</tt></a>), and <a href="../regex.html" title="cpp/regex">Regular Expressions</a>.
</li><li> From C99: mathematical functions from <a href="../../c/numeric/math.html" title="c/numeric/math"><code>&lt;math.h&gt;</code></a> that were new in C99, <a href="../string/byte/isblank.html" title="cpp/string/byte/isblank">blank character class</a>, <a href="../numeric/fenv.html" title="cpp/numeric/fenv">Floating-point environment</a>, <a href="../io/manip/fixed.html" title="cpp/io/manip/fixed"><tt>hexfloat</tt></a> I/O Manipulator, <a href="../types/integer.html" title="cpp/types/integer">fixed-size integral types</a>, the <a href="types.html#Modifiers" title="cpp/language/types"><code>long long</code></a> type, <span class="t-lc"><a href="../utility/variadic/va_copy.html" title="cpp/utility/variadic/va copy">va_copy</a></span>, the <a href="../io/c/snprintf.html" title="cpp/io/c/snprintf" class="mw-redirect"><tt>snprintf()</tt></a> and <a href="../io/c/vfscanf.html" title="cpp/io/c/vfscanf"><tt>vfscanf()</tt></a> families of functions, and the C99 conversion specifies for <a href="../io/c/printf.html" title="cpp/io/c/printf" class="mw-redirect"><tt>printf()</tt></a> and <a href="../io/c/scanf.html" title="cpp/io/c/scanf" class="mw-redirect"><tt>scanf()</tt></a> families of functions. 
</li></ol>
<p>All of TR1 except for the special functions was included in C++11, with minor changes.
</p>
<ul><li> 2010: Mathematical special functions (ISO/IEC 29124:2010) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50511">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n3060">2010 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This international standard is a C++ standard library extension, which adds the special functions that were part of TR1, but were not included in C++11: elliptic integrals, exponential integral, Laguerre polynomials, Legendre polynomials, Hermite polynomials, Bessel functions, Neumann functions, beta function, and Riemann zeta function. This standard was <a href="../numeric/special_functions.html" title="cpp/numeric/special functions">merged into C++17</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="C.2B.2B11_period">C++11 period</span></h3>
<ul><li> 2011: <b>C++11</b> (ISO/IEC 14882:2011) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50372">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n3337">2012 post-publication draft</a>).
</li></ul>
<p><a href="../11.html" title="cpp/11">Main Article: C++11</a>
</p><p>A large number of changes were introduced to both standardize existing practices and improve the abstractions available to the C++ programmers
</p>
<ul><li> 2011: Decimal floating-point TR (ISO/IEC TR 24733:2011) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38843">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n2849">2009 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This TR implements the decimal floating-point types from IEEE 754-2008 Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic: <code>std::decimal::decimal32</code>, <code>std::decimal::decimal64</code>, and <code>std::decimal::decimal128</code>.
</p>
<ul><li> 2012: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isocpp.org">The Standard C++ Foundation</a> founded
</li><li> 2013: The C++ Programming Language, 4th edition
</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="C.2B.2B14_period">C++14 period</span></h3>
<ul><li> 2014: <b>C++14</b> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=64029">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=INCITS%2fISO%2fIEC+14882%3a2014+(2016)">ANSI Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/blob/master/papers/n4140.pdf?raw=true">2014 final draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p><a href="../14.html" title="cpp/14">Main Article: C++14</a>
</p><p>Minor revision of the C++ standard
</p>
<ul><li> 2015: Filesystem library TS (ISO/IEC TS 18822:2015) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=63483">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n4100">2014 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This TS is an experimental C++ library extension that specifies a filesystem library based on boost.filesystem V3 (with some modifications and extensions). This TS was merged into C++17.
</p>
<ul><li> 2015: Extensions for Parallelism TS (ISO/IEC TS 19570:2015) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=65241">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n4507">2015 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This TS standardizes parallel and vector-parallel API for all standard library algorithms, as well as adds new algorithms such as <code>reduce</code>, <code>transform_reduce</code>, or <code>exclusive_scan</code>. This TS was merged into C++17.
</p>
<ul><li> 2015: Extensions for Transactional Memory TS (ISO/IEC TS 19841:2015) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=66343">ISO Store</a>) ([<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n4514">2015 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This TS extends the C++ core language with synchronized and atomic blocks, as well as transaction-safe functions, which implement transactional memory semantics.
</p>
<ul><li> 2015: Extensions for Library Fundamentals TS (ISO/IEC TS 19568:2015) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=65238">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n4480">2015 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This TS adds several new components to the C++ standard library: <a href="../experimental/optional.html" title="cpp/experimental/optional"><tt>optional</tt></a>, <a href="../experimental/any.html" title="cpp/experimental/any"><tt>any</tt></a>, <a href="../experimental/basic_string_view.html" title="cpp/experimental/basic string view"><tt>string_view</tt></a>, <a href="../experimental/sample.html" title="cpp/experimental/sample"><tt>sample</tt></a>, <a href="../experimental/search.html" title="cpp/experimental/search"><tt>search</tt></a>, <a href="../experimental/apply.html" title="cpp/experimental/apply"><tt>apply</tt></a>, <a href="../experimental/memory.html#Type-erased_and_polymorphic_allocators" title="cpp/experimental/lib extensions">polymorphic allocators</a>, and <a href="../experimental/memory.html" title="cpp/experimental/lib extensions">variable templates</a> for type traits. This TS was merged into C++17.
</p>
<ul><li> 2015: Extensions for Concepts TS (ISO/IEC TS 19217:2015) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=64031">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n4553">2015 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This TS extends the C++ core language with concepts (named type requirements) and constraints (limits on the types allowed in template, function, and variable declarations), which aids metaprogramming and simplifies template instantiation diagnostics, see <a href="../experimental/constraints.html" title="cpp/experimental/constraints">concepts</a>. This TS was merged into C++20, with some omissions.
</p>
<ul><li> 2016: Extensions for Concurrency TS (ISO/IEC TS 19571:2016) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=65242">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/p0159r0">2015 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This TS extends the C++ library to include <a href="../experimental/concurrency.html" title="cpp/experimental/concurrency">several extensions</a> to <span class="t-lc"><a href="../thread/future.html" title="cpp/thread/future">std::future</a></span>, <span class="t-lc"><a href="../thread/latch.html" title="cpp/thread/latch">latches</a></span> and <span class="t-lc"><a href="../thread/barrier.html" title="cpp/thread/barrier">barriers</a></span>, and atomic smart pointers.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="C.2B.2B17_period">C++17 period</span></h3>
<ul><li> 2017: <b>C++17</b> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/68564.html">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=INCITS%2fISO%2fIEC+14882%3a2017+(2018)">ANSI Store</a>) ({{stddoc|n4659|n4659 2017-03-21 final draft)
</li></ul>
<p><a href="../17.html" title="cpp/17">Main Article: C++17</a>
</p><p>The major revision of the C++ standard after C++11
</p>
<ul><li> 2017: Extensions for Ranges TS (ISO/IEC TS 21425:2017) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/70910.html">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n4685">2017 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This TS extends the C++ library to include <a href="../experimental/ranges.html" title="cpp/experimental/ranges">ranges</a>, a new, more powerful, abstraction to replace iterator pairs, along with range views, sentinel ranges, projections for on-the-fly transformations, new iterator adaptors and algorithms. This extension finally makes it possible to sort a vector with <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">sort<span class="br0">(</span>v<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</p>
<ul><li> 2017: Extensions for Coroutines TS (ISO/IEC TS 22277:2017) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/73008.html">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n4680">2017 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This TS extends the C++ core language and the standard library to include stackless coroutines (resumable functions). This adds the keywords <a href="../keyword/co_await.html" title="cpp/keyword/co await"><tt>co_await</tt></a>, <a href="../keyword/co_yield.html" title="cpp/keyword/co yield"><tt>co_yield</tt></a>, and <a href="../keyword/co_return.html" title="cpp/keyword/co return"><tt>co_return</tt></a>.
</p>
<ul><li> 2018: Extensions for Networking TS (ISO/IEC TS 19216:2018) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/64030.html">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n4734">2017 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This TS extends the C++ library to include TCP/IP networking based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_67_0/doc/html/boost_asio.html">boost.asio</a>.
</p>
<ul><li> 2018: Extensions for modules TS (ISO/IEC TS 21544:2018) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/71051.html">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n4720">2018 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This TS extends the C++ core language to include modules. This adds the special identifiers <a href="../keyword/module.html" title="cpp/keyword/module"><tt>module</tt></a>, <a href="../keyword/import.html" title="cpp/keyword/import"><tt>import</tt></a>, and reintroduces the keyword <a href="../keyword/export.html" title="cpp/keyword/export"><tt>export</tt></a> with a new meaning.
</p>
<ul><li> 2018: Extensions for Parallelism version 2 TS (ISO/IEC TS 19570:2018) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/70588.html">ISO Store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n4773">2018 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This TS extends the C++ library to include two new execution policies (<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">unseq</span></span> and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">vec</span></span>), additional parallel algorithms such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">reduction_plus</span></span> or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">for_loop_strided</span></span>, task blocks for forking and joining parallel tasks, SIMD types and operations on those types.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="C.2B.2B20_period">C++20 period</span></h3>
<ul><li> 2020: <b>C++20</b> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/79358.html">ISO Store</a>) (final draft <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n4860">n4860 2020-03-31</a>)
</li></ul>
<p><a href="../20.html" title="cpp/20">Main Article: C++20</a>
</p><p>The major revision of the C++ standard after C++17
</p>
<ul><li> 2021: Reflection TS (ISO/IEC TS 23619:2021) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/76425.html">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n4856">2020 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<p>This TS extends C++ with the facilities to inspect program entities such as variables, enumerations, classes and their members, lambdas and their captures, etc.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Future_development">Future development</span></h3>
<ul><li> <a href="../experimental.html" title="cpp/experimental">Experimental technical specifications</a>
</li><li> 2023: <b>C++23</b> latest draft <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wg21.link/n4910">n4910 (2022-03-17)</a>
</li></ul>
<p><a href="../23.html" title="cpp/23">Main Article: C++23</a>
</p><p>The next major revision of the C++ standard
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

</table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stroustrup.com/hopl2.pdf">A History of C++: 1979-1991</a>
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stroustrup.com/hopl-almost-final.pdf">Evolving a language in and for the real world: C++ 1991-2006</a>
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stroustrup.com/hopl20main-p5-p-bfc9cd4--final.pdf">Thriving in a crowded and changing world: C++ 2006-2020</a>
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isocpp.org">Standard C++ foundation</a>
</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B#History" class="extiw" title="enwiki:C++"> C++ on Wikipedia</a>
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/">C++ Standards Committee</a>
</li></ul>

<!-- 
NewPP limit report
Preprocessor visited node count: 4190/1000000
Preprocessor generated node count: 8724/1000000
Post‐expand include size: 130606/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 16127/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 15/40
Expensive parser function count: 0/100
-->

<!-- Saved in parser cache with key mwiki1-mwiki_en_:pcache:idhash:4470-0!*!0!!en!*!* and timestamp 20220622133523 -->
</div>                    <!-- /bodycontent -->
                                        <!-- printfooter -->
                    <div class="printfooter">
                    Retrieved from "<a href="https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/history&amp;oldid=140471">https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/history&amp;oldid=140471</a>"                    </div>
                    <!-- /printfooter -->
                                                            <!-- catlinks -->
                    <!-- /catlinks -->
                                                            <div class="visualClear"></div>
                    <!-- debughtml -->
                                        <!-- /debughtml -->
                </div>
                <!-- /bodyContent -->
            </div>
        </div>
        <!-- /content -->
        <!-- footer -->
        <div id="cpp-footer-base" class="noprint">
            <div id="footer">
                        <div id="cpp-navigation">
            <h5>Navigation</h5>
            <ul><li><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/history">Online version</a></li><li>Offline version retrieved 2022-07-30 14:05.</li></ul></div>
                        <ul id="footer-info">
                                    <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 22 June 2022, at 04:55.</li>
                                    <li id="footer-info-viewcount">This page has been accessed 179,430 times.</li>
                            </ul>
                    </div>
        </div>
        <!-- /footer -->
        <script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.state({"site":"loading","user":"missing","user.groups":"ready"});
}</script>
<script src="../../../common/skin_scripts.js"></script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","mediawiki.hidpi","ext.gadget.ColiruCompiler","ext.gadget.MathJax"], null, true);
}</script>
<script src="../../../common/site_scripts.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-2828341-1']);
_gaq.push(['_setDomainName', 'cppreference.com']);
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
</script><!-- Served in 0.036 secs. -->
	</body>
<!-- Cached 20220622134025 -->
</html>